Race And Racial Relations Racial Discrimination,...

Race and racial relations have been a historic battle in our society. Although racial relations have greatly improved within the last century, or even the last sixty years, racial perceptions still persist. These perceptions can be seen in several forms across society varying in intensity, policy and practice on an institutional level as well as an individual level. While racial relations can be taken positively in the form of equality, or negatively as segregation and prejudice rise between racial groups, racial perceptions have lead to issues of police-citizen relations, profiling, criminalization, and neighborhood context. While these facets can be self-inflicted or society inflicted, racial perceptions hold a strong grip on several factors and roles that individuals may encounter in everyday society, as well as feelings of racial inferiority and superiority. The African-American community has been subject to racial perceptions for centuries. With the progression of race-coded politics and the criminalization of African-American men, it is said that even crime has taken on a stereotypical racial relationship. Within the racialization of crime, crime and race are nearly inseparable; defining race in terms of crime and crime in terms of race (Pickett, 2012). Linking race to crime, several studies have found that non-minority populations, such as Caucasians, frequently view African-Americans as a criminal threat, a threat to their economic interest and a threat to theirShow MoreRelatedThe Disproportionate Number of African-American Males Incarcerated Within the United States2992 Words   |  12 Pages According to the US Department of Justice, by the end of 2010 black non-Hispanic males had an imprisonment rate seven times higher than white non-Hispanic males (United States Department of Justice, 2011). In fact, when comparing the three maj or races in the United States, a 2005 study conducted by The Sentencing Project found that â€Å"African Americans are incarcerated at nearly six (5.6) times the rate of whites† (Mauer King, 2010). In November 2010 this lead to the United Nations Human RightsRead MoreUnited States V. Arizona14319 Words   |  58 PagesUnited States v. Arizona: The Support Our Law Enforcement and Neighborhoods Act is Preempted and Discriminatory Melissa Goolsarran Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Perspective: Immigration, Discrimination, and Limitations on State Laws 3 III. Background: United States v. Arizona 9 A. S.B. 1070 and the Legislature’s Justification 10 B. The Decision: United States v. Arizona 18 IV. Analysis: S.B. 1070 is Preempted by Federal Immigration Law and Also Discriminatory 23 A. TheRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesRACISM AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN NICARAGUA Myrna Cunningham Kain With the collaboration of: Ariel Jacobson, Sofà ­a Manzanares, Eileen Mairena, Eilen Gà ³mez, Jefferson Sinclair Bush November 2006 Centro para la Autonomà ­a y Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indà ­genas Center for Indigenous Peoples’ Autonomy and Development Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 Contents 1. 2. Introduction Structure of the study 2.1 Scope and methodology 4 7 7 3. RacismRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesoddities that would seem to suggest that Rastafarianism is an absurd religion include: 1. Rastafarianism has been around for only about seventy years. Yet in that time it has gained inexplicable fame around the world, boasting converts from all races and nationalities. 2. Adherents of the faith appear to be relatively small in number. One study suggests that less than one percent of Jamaicans describe themselves as Rastafarians. Yet the average non-Jamaican assumes that Rastafarianism is the

The Labelling Theory Movement Among Criminologist And...

INTRODUCTION Howard Becker is renowned as the person who established the modern labelling theory. Becker also developed the term moral entrepreneur to portray the person in power which campaign to make certain deviant behaviour outlawed (Becker, 1963). He suggests that most laws are founded on that basis, and the behaviour that is classified as criminal is ever changing. Thus, the criminal behaviour is impertinent to the labelling theory. What actually matters is which outlaws are arrested and processed by the criminal justice system (Becker, 1963). Due to the belief that societal and personal factors do not kick in as motivations for criminal behaviour, there has been little study of the aforementioned factors. This facet of Labelling Theory is still debated. Becker’s work has become the focus point of the labelling theory movement among criminologist and sociologists. In his introduction, Becker writes: ...social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those roles to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label. Society uses the religion to justify its moral action whereas the deviant actor uses it to justify hisShow MoreRelatedLabel Theory4470 Words   |  18 Pagescurious to know if the labeling theory was a useful theory. I have always considered the labeling theory to be a hard theory to measure. It is hard to measure if a label becomes the cause for a person to become delinquent. Is it the label or some other factors? This paper will go into detail about some of the main contributors to the labeling theory. It will explain how the contributors applied the labeling theory. This paper will also explain how the labeling theory grew into what it is today.Read MoreAn Essay Against Anti - Social Activities Not More Than 350 Words? Read More: Http: //Wiki.Answers.Coan Essay Against Anti Social Activities Not More Than 3505893 Words   |  24 Pagessocial problem in and of itself, pointing instead to the social problems thought to underlie it. Significant sections of the left, influenced in part by radical criminologists in the USA, challenged the panics - as they saw them - promoted by the so-called New Right. They questioned the official statistics on crime, challenging the labelling of deviants by agents of social control, and attacked the moral and political basis of these panics (6). Thus, the idea that crime was a broader social problem

Political Economies Free Essays

Contemporary political economies are mixtures of fascism, socialism, capitalism, anarchism, etc. Most of them stress aspects of certain systems more than those of others but in each one will find a mixture. Recent largely fascist systems are those of Mussolini’s Italy, Peron’s Argentina, Hitler’s Third Reich, Chavez’ Venezuela, and several of recent Middle Eastern regimes (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economies or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. , Libya), Egypt, et al. So called communist regimes are also effectively fascist since they tend to be ruled by an undemocratic group of rulers†e. . , North Korea, Cuba. Welfare Statism The welfare state or, from the economic viewpoint, the mixed economy, may be understood as a combination of the principles of capitalism and socialism. Sometimes the emphasis in this system is placed not so much on economic as on certain moral considerations. Basically the welfare state consists of a legal system that aims at securing for everyone the negative right to liberty and the positive right to well being. The welfare state, which is to say most Western countries, balances the two values that together seem to its advocates to be the bedrock of a civilized society. No one ought to have his or her sovereignty seriously compromised, nor should anyone be permitted to fall below a certain standard of living. This is difficult to maintain ecause at different times one or another of these objectives will probably take priority and in mostly democratic systems political leaders will vacillate between giving more support to one or the other. The right to strike, for example, which is the negative liberty to quit one’s Job in an effort to gain respect for one’s terms of employment, may conflict with the positive right to be provided with various services–e. g. , health care, mail delivery or education. It is indeed a prominent feature of the welfare state that both negative and positive rights receive their legal protection. Negative rights involve respect for a person’s life, liberty and property–that is, everyone is by law supposed to abstain from interfering with these. Positive rights, in turn, involve respect for a person’s basic needs–that is, everyone who is unable to secure the requirements ot survival and even tlourishing is supposed to have those provided by way of the appropriate public policy (e. g. , taxation, mandated services, public education, national health care). The moral underpinnings of the welfare state can be utilitarianism, altruism or certain intuitively held moral precepts. Utilitarianism requires that all pursue the eneral welfare and whatever public policies to facilitate this were needed would be justified. Although many utilitarians believe that the general welfare is best achieved when government operates in a largely laissez-faire fashion, there is no objection to government intervention in social affairs if without those many in the society may fail to achieve a decent and prosperous form of life. Altruists, in turn, often hold that to make certain that people fulfill their primary obligation to help others, it is necessary to introduce public measures that will secure such help, given that many might wish o breach their duty to do the right thing. Finally, there is the claim that by our common intuitions it is evident that both a measure of personal liberty and social welfare must be guaranteed to all, lest the quality of life in society fall below what it should be. While people object to the welfare state from several other perspectives, it is thought by its supporters to be the most stable modern political orders. Although it is characterized by much dispute and controversy, in the long run, its supporters maintain, the system seems to be overall satisfactory and Just. How to cite Political Economies, Papers

Ethical Dilemmas Business Perspective †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dilemmas Business Perspective. Answer: Introduction The Information technology sector has been increasingly utilized across the world. Just like any other area, be it in the administrative sector, education, governance among others, ethical scenarios always ensue and the need to handle them uncannily always knocks on the door (Backus, Spinello and Tavani, 2016). Therefore, the judicious utilization of such scenarios in the enhancement of ethics can be of great help to the society as a whole (Migga, 2015). Situations that are designed in a careful manner allow perceived and real conflicts to be handled in no-consequence and safe environments. Relying on the Actor Network Theory and the use of research into scenarios, the Doing Ethics Technique is broadened to take good care of macro and microenvironments in the technology sector in a bid to present a better alternative for an ethical dilemma (Migga, 2015). In this regard, a case study of a computer company has been considered to be viewed through the lens of Doing Ethics Technique in o rder to provide a better and ethical solution without harming any of the involved partys emotions (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). From the perspective of the computer professional who is tasked to develop the accounting system, system efficiency is needed so as to be used by the government and the need is of great importance since it saves much money. In this regard, there is a need for delegation, and as the lead project person, the professional assigns different tasks to her other workers. The first person handles the reports; the other takes care of the systems internal processing and the last one takes care of the systems interface of the user. However, this does not go well as the employees report to the senior management that it is so difficult to use the interface (Cellucci, 2015). The problem ensues where the upper-level management decides not to use the system and even inject any more finances, and as such, they choose to resume their previous system that was expensive. What are the facts? Evidently, the difficulty to use the new accounting system interface is real as the employees have reported. The upper-level management has refused to provide more finances for the deployment of the new system. It is only the person in charge of the development of the interface that messed up the entire project. The new system was only at its first stage of writing. The government needed to use the system due to the expensive nature of the previous system. The new system is expected to save massive amounts of money belonging to the taxpayer. The manager agreed to the architecture of the new system and gave the go-ahead. The management at the upper level has the option of resuming to the previous but expensive system of accounting (Deneulin, 2013). The persons who handled internal processing and the reports were proficient, and no complaints have been reported on their part. The upper-level management may revert their decision if good sense about the problem is made to them and if the possibility of readdressing the system interface is assured. What are the issues? Resumption to an expensive method of accounting. Lack of finances for the project (Management no longer want to invest in a flawed process). Unclear procedures to guide the deployment of newer systems in cases of failure. People have lost confidence in the new systems of IT (The reason the managers want to go back to the old system). Change of technology attracts uncertainties such as the employees having difficulties to adjust to a newer interface, which could, in fact, be easier (Christiansen, 2015). Lack of computer literacy and awareness of diverse systems (Including interfaces). People are susceptible to the new looks of different aspects of society and therefore need to be taken through a gradual process of change. Anxiety is exacerbated by change (Fisher, 2013). Professional handling of projects sometimes poses a challenge to the experts. Who is affected? Government: The people may view the resumption to the old system as an expensive move by the government that is expected to be the custodian of the taxpayers money (Fisher, 2013). The government itself may have problems in the efficiency of a new system thus slowing the accounting processes (Koehn, 2016). The employees: They may have difficulties in executing their duties due to a complicated interface. On the other hand, they may be wrongly judging the new system interface due to the fear of change around them thus sending a wrong signal to the management. The upper-level management: They may be faulted for contracting an incompetent computer expert to develop the new accounting system. However, they may also be victims of their employees fears of a change to a new system (Engineering Council, 2017). They may also be blamed by the computer expert contracted to effect the project due to their rushed decision to dismiss the project without carrying out a background audit and questioning of the employees, or to the bear minimum, at least go through the interface themselves (Koehn, 2016). The computer expert: She may be blamed for not coordinating her team that was working on the project to ensure swiftness and effecting corrections. Also, she did not carry out a background check to understand what the employees need or are used to. The public: Their taxes may be misused on expensive projects, yet there are simpler options for the accounting systems (Migga, 2015). The person tasked to handle the interface: He/she may be faulted for using a complicated interface even after knowing that the employees are not experts in computer matters (Migga, 2015). Therefore, he/she operated under the assumption that others may find the interface easy as he does as well. What are the ethical issues and implications? It is the governments duty to safeguard the taxpayers money. The understanding between lack of education and faults brought about by technology. Adverse suffering of the innocent public due poor tax money management. A poor reputation for the upper-level management. A bad reputation for the computer expert and her team who worked on the project. Employee conspiracy to harm the projects reputation due to fears of change. What can be done about it? Education of the employees on the gradual process of change from the previous system of accounting. Reevaluate and make necessary changes to the entire interface of the system in order to introduce an easier one suitable for the employees (Migga, 2015). Upper-level managers to repeal their move to stop funding and resume the older, expensive system. After that, then they should allow the experts to make corrections to the new system. Do background checks on employees to eliminate chances of sabotage. Monitor the whole process of restarting the project. Replace the expert who handled the interface stage with a competent one. What are the options? Restart the entire process of making a new interface (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). This option is useful because it will make an easier way of satisfying the upper-level managers, the employees as well as the reputation of the computer expert. However, it will consume more time. Initiate employee education to make them familiar with the interface. This option is amenable and easy because it will not necessitate restarting the entire interface development process (The European Business Cooperation 2013). It also saves time for the computer expert and the government. However, it means subsequent employees shall have to undergo a training program before doing their job. Conducting a thorough audit to establish the reasons behind the failure of employees to comprehend the new interface (McDermid, 2015). It helps understand whether the developer of the interface was the problem or the employees just feared the change of a system that they are used to. The best solution is to do a background audit to identify the reasons that inform the employees option of finding the new interface hard to comprehend (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). Furthermore, this move would ensure that the primary cause of the problem is established instead of relying on conjecture. For instance, if the employees give a feeble reason such as a given feature of the interface, then it will be clear that the problem was not entirely with the developer of the interface but the employees (Simpson, Nevile and Burmeister, 2014). Again, if they give a genuine reason that substantiates its complex nature, then the developer will have to make the necessary adjustments to the system (Quigley, 2013). Conclusion The establishment of a proper accounting system was marred with problems of interface caused by its developer as assigned by the computer expert. The upper-level managers quickly refused to fund the project further but resume the previous process which is expensive for the taxpayer. As such, there was a big problem. The available options to solve that ethical dilemma included; conducting an audit, educating the employees on the new process, restarting the interface-development process, repeal of the decisions by the managers among others. The best of these options was to do an employee-audit. Works Cited Backus, A., Spinello, R. and Tavani, H. (2016). ICT Sector Ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 6(1), pp.1-3. Cellucci, T. (2015). Raising the ethical floor: Ethical dilemmas today. PsycCRITIQUES, 60(46). Christiansen, D. (2015). Doing Ethics in Business. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 3(2), pp.79-83. Deneulin, S. (2013). Ethics and Development: An Introduction from the Perspective of the Capability Approach. Geography Compass, 7(3), pp.217-227. Engineering Council (2017). Ethics in ICT - EPSRC website. [online] Epsrc.ac.uk. Available at: https://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/calls/ethicsinict/ [Accessed 27 Aug. 2017]. Fisher, C. (2013). Business ethics and values. Pearson. Koehn, J. (2016). Accounting Ethics. Accounting Ethics Ronald F. Duska and Brenda Shay Duska Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 277 pp. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15(03), pp.521-529. McDermid, D. (2015). Ethics in ICT. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia. Migga, J. (2015). Ethics in Computer Companies. 39(2), pp.271-271. Quigley, M. (2013). ICT ethics in the 21st century. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Simpson, C., Nevile, L. and Burmeister, O. (2014). Doing Ethics: A Universal Technique in an Accessibility Context. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 10(2). The European Business Cooperation (2013). What Makes a Company Ethical?. Business Ethics: A European Review, 1(1), pp.1-3.